Volcanic ash preserved some of the Roman library of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum. Manuscripts in Tocharian languages, written on palm leaves, survived in desert burials in the Tarim Basin of Central Asia. The oldest written manuscripts have been preserved by the perfect dryness of their Middle Eastern resting places, whether placed within sarcophagi in Egyptian tombs, or reused as mummy-wrappings, discarded in the middens of Oxyrhynchus or secreted for safe-keeping in jars and buried ( Nag Hammadi library) or stored in dry caves ( Dead Sea scrolls). When Greek or Latin works were published, numerous professional copies were made simultaneously by scribes in a scriptorium, each making a single copy from an original that was declaimed aloud. Paper spread from China via the Islamic world to Europe by the 14th century, and by the late 15th century had largely replaced parchment for many purposes. In India, the palm leaf manuscript, with a distinctive long rectangular shape, was used from ancient times until the 19th century. In Russia birch bark documents as old as from the 11th century have survived. Manuscripts were produced on vellum and other parchment, on papyrus, and on paper. Historically, manuscripts were produced in form of scrolls ( volumen in Latin) or books ( codex, plural codices). stainsīefore the inventions of printing, in China by woodblock and in Europe by movable type in a printing press, all written documents had to be both produced and reproduced by hand.
historical elements of the ms: blood, wine etc.pastedown (blank paper for inside cover).fascicle: individual manuscript, part of a convolute.convolute: volume containing different manuscripts.manuscripts bound together in a single volume:.interpolations (passage not written by the original author).page format/layout: columns? text and surrounding commentary/additions/glosses?.deletions method: erasure? overstrike? dots above letters?.Shelfmark or Signature in holding library (as opposed to printed Catalog number).
0 kommentar(er)
